by Farzand Ahmed, India Today, November 6, 2006
Saturday, 31 March 2007
Is it the lost tribe of Israel?
by Farzand Ahmed, India Today, November 6, 2006
Is Muslim clan the lost tribe of Ephraim?
http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1162378397742
There were those who looked at this research as part of a big Zionist conspiracy against Islam," said Aafreedi, who is currently conducting research at Tel Aviv University into possible Israelite descent among certain Muslim Indian groups. "They felt I was trying to deprive Islam of its bravest followers, the Pathans, by converting them to Judaism. They felt that my convincing them of their Jewish heritage was just another form of conversion."
According to Aafreedi's study, which was published as an e-book, about 650 out of the 1,500 members of the Afridi Pathan clan in Malihabad, India, may possess genetic material shared by nearly 40 percent of Jews worldwide. If confirmed, the findings would support the clan's connection to the tribe of Ephraim, Aafreedi said. A related Indian Pathan group numbering some 800 people was not tested for the project.
Although he performed the research for his doctoral studies at Lucknow University, the main motivation for Aafreedi's research was personal."My uncle told me when I was a child about our connection to the Israelites," he said.
He has been deeply interested in his ancestry ever since, especially in "the fact that the tribe is identified with Israel."Aafreedi describes himself as a secular humanist with no bias against Jews, but says such open-mindedness is not common in his clan."The new generation of the Pathans is largely ignorant," he said, adding that after settling in a "hostile Muslim environment," the Pathans largely lost their own traditions."The knowledge of our ancestry was passed down orally, he said. "But now only the elders know about it."
According to Michael Freund, a Jerusalem Post correspondent and chairman of Shavei Israel, a Jerusalem-based group that assists lost Jews seeking to return to the people of Israel, this assimilation comes as no surprise."With the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in that part of the world over the decades, an attempt has been made to erase any trace of their [the Pathan's] Jewish connection," Freund said.
Aafreedi agrees. "They have been affected by the yellow journalism of Muslims in India, and it has shaped their political outlook. The Muslim press is usually anti-Jewish and anti-Israel," he said.Claims of Jewish heritage are nothing new in India. Historians believe that that at least two groups, the Shinlung (Bnei Menashe) in the northeast, and the non-Muslim tribes in Guntur, share Jewish ancestry. In addition, experts say evidence exists linking the Afridi Pathan tribe outside of India to the ancient Israelites."
Historically, there were Persian writers who wrote about the connection between the Pathans and the people of Israel," said Freund. "When the British arrived in the area there were missionaries who wrote about it as well. There is quite a good deal of historical evidence to support this assertion."Even former president Yitzhak Ben-Zvi addressed the connection. In his book, The Exile and Redeemed, he quoted an Afghani Jew as saying, "
According to the tradition current among the [Afghan] Afridis, they are indeed descendants of the Israelites, more particularly the sons of Ephraim." There are an estimated 40 to 50 million Pathans, mostly in Pakistan and Afghanistan.Aafreedi's research is now being analyzed by geneticists in England. If his results are confirmed, it will be the first genetic evidence linking the Afridis Pathan tribe to the Israelites.
There are some who doubt a genetic connection could provide genuine proof of Jewish lineage."There's no such thing as Jewish DNA," said Post contributor Hillel Halkin, author of Across the Sabbath River: In Search of a Lost Tribe of Israel, which discusses the issue of an ancient Israelite migration to India. "There is a [genetic] pattern which is very common in the Middle East, and 40% of Jews worldwide have it. But many non-Jews and people in the Middle East have it also," he said.•
Citation from the Maulana Azad Memorial Academy, Lucknow, India
10th October, 2006
Tracing Jewish Links in Malihabad
Navras came to this conclusion after three years of extensive research titled "The Indian Jewry and the Self-Professed 'Lost Tribes of Israel' in India", for which Lucknow University has also awarded him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. Navras, who himself belongs to Malihabad, started working on this research project in November 2002, under the supervision of the head of Medieval & Modern History Department, Prof. V. D. Pandey. "It is an effort to trace my own roots," says Navras, as he narrated how he went through the entire study, spending hours in History books, searching for facts and clues, which could help in his research. "I was all of 12, when my uncle first told me that our family could be having a Jewish lineage," he said. He decided at that very moment that one day he would explore the truth. Navras formed a team with Prof. Tudor Parfitt, Chairman of the Centre of Near and Middle East Studies and Director of the Centre of Jewish Studies, SOAS, London University and Dr. Yulia Egorova, a linguist and historian from Russia. They went to Malihabad, where they collected DNA samples of Afridi Pathans in order to confirm their putative Israeli descent. Significantly, during the course of the study, the team interviewed hundreds of Afridi Pathans in Malihabad and learnt that most of them were ignorant of their Israeli descent.Navras explained that when Afridi Pathans came to Malihabad they did not disclose their Jewish lineage due to the fear of being isolated in the pre-dominantly non-Pathan Muslim society. As a result, the word was not passed to the coming generations and subsequently, they were left ignorant of the historical fact. "Few of the illustrious Afridi Pathans India has seen, are the third President of India Dr. Zakir Husain, the great Urdu poet Josh Malihabadi and Ghaus Mohammad Khan, the first Indian to reach the Wimbledon quarter finals in 1939," he said. Navras also went to Aligarh along with Dr. Yesudian Storfjell, SOAS, London, and visited the Mohalla Bani Israilan and interviewed the District Qazi of Aligarh, Muhammad Ajmal, who was not shy of admitting that he belonged to the clan of Bani Israel there, which is believed to have descended from a Jewish sahabi (companion of Prophet Mohammad), and came to India to spread the message of Islam around one-thousand years ago. He also took part in discussions with Prof. Jay Waronker, School of Architecture, North Dakota State University, authority on Indian synagogues, and Dr. Shalva Weil, an anthropologist from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and author of India's Jewish Heritage. In March this year, he also did an assignment for a London University project, titled "Representation of Jews, Zionism and Israel in Pakistani and Indian Muslim Discourse", funded by the Arts & Humanities Research Board, UK.
Des recherches génétiques auraient permis de retrouver la Tribu perdue d'Ephraïm en Inde musulmane [French]
Islamitische stam in werkelijkheid Joods? [Dutch]
AMI Jeruzalem Bijbel Centrum Nieuws, 32 ste jaargang, nr.2, Febbruari 2007
http://home.planet.nl/~koekruud//archief/2007_02feb.pdf
• Zionistische samenzwering
De eerste reactie op het onderzoekdat door een Indiase historicus is verricht,is: dit is de zoveelste zionistischesamenzwering tegen de islam. Menvindt het de zoveelste poging ommoslims te bekeren, dit keer door hente laten geloven dat ze joden zijn.
Navras Jaat Aafreedi denkt er echteranders over. Niet alleen probeert hijzijn stelling met wetenschappelijkebewijzen te onderbouwen, hij zegtook dat zijn oom hem van kleins afaan verteld heeft van de banden vanzijn clan met het joodse volk.
• Genetische overeenkomst met Joden
Aafreedi zegt dat 650 van de 800 ledenvan zijn Pathaanse clan genetisch materiaalbezitten dat 40% van de jodenin de wereld ook bezitten. De kennisvan de banden van de Pathanen metIsraël is weliswaar mondeling overgeleverd,maar alleen de oude mensenweten het nog.
“De nieuwe generatie Pathanen weeter over het algemeen niets van. Toende Pathanen zich in een vijandige islamitischeomgeving hadden gevestigd,hebben zij hun eigen tradities grotendeelsverloren. Ze zijn beïnvloed door degekleurde journalistiek van de moslimsin India en dat heeft hun politieke perspectiefgevormd. De islamitische pers ismeestal antizionistisch en anti-joods.”Het is niets nieuws te horen dat erIndiërs met joodse voorouders zijn. Erzijn al eeuwenlang gegevens bekendover het bestaan van joden in dat deelvan de wereld. De algemene conclusieluidt dat als zij joden zijn, zij van detien verloren stammen moeten zijn,die meestal Efraïm worden genoemd.
Nájdený ďalší stratený kmeň Izraela ? [Slovak]
Miroslav Illias, 8. januára 2007
http://ilias.blog.sme.sk/clanok_tlac.asp?cl=76157
Mal som tú česť osobne hovoriť s doktorom Navrasom Jaatom Aafridim (ďalej len Navras), ktorý v roku 2005 obhájil svoju doktorandskú prácu o indickom židovstve a "stratených" kmeňoch Izraela v Indii.
Teraz robí výskum na univerzite v Tel Avive.
Navras, mladý Ind, príslušník etnickej skupiny afridických (efridických) Paštúnov, a bývajúci v internáte o poschodie nižšie, mi rozprával o spojitosti dnešných Paštúnov so Židmi.
Hoci táto nepoddajná a húževnatá etnická skupina je moslimského vierovyznania, zachováva si niektoré židovské prvky a ich ústna tradícia hovorí o spojitosti so starým Izraelom. O tvrdosti Paštúnov hovoria aj záznamy z anglickej koloniálnej éry, či ich aktívna účasť v hnutí Taliban.
Genetické vzorky niekoľkých afridických Paštúnov, odobraté výskumníkmi, sa v súčasnosti spracúvajú.
Paštúnov je asi 20 miliónov, tých z afridického kmeňa je asi 3,7 milióna. V indickom Malihabade je 650 afridických členov komunity, z ktorej pochádza aj môj priateľ Navras.
.Zapálený rabín
Navštíviť Paštúnov v indickom Malihabade s úmyslom ich možnej konverzie na judaizmus sa chystá rabín Elijahu Avichail, zakladateľ organizácie Amishav.
Navras, ktorý seba označuje za sekulárneho humanistu, mu bude "vstupenkou" do - pre Židov nehostinného - moslimského prostredia svojho rodiska.
.Odozvy v tlači
Navras mi ukazoval početné výstupy jeho práce v tlači.
Napriklad izraelský denník Jerusalem Post o tom priniesol objektívny článok.
Skeptici ale poukazujú na zotrvávani afridických Paštúnov na ich súčasnej identite. Objavili sa aj zmienky o "sionistickej konšpirácii".
.Požehnanie Jákobovo
Čo na to Biblia ? Patriarcha Jákob, otec dvanástich kmeňov Izraela, dáva požehnanie Jozefovmu synovi Efrajimovi, ktorý bude väčší ako jeho starší brat Menašše a "...z jeho potomstva bude množstvo národov." (Gen. 48:19).
Nemnohí príslušníci indickej komunity Bnei Menašše, potomkovia kmeňa Menašše, sú už konvertovaní v Izraeli.
Každopádne bude zaujímavé sledovať, do akej miery sa "vydoluju" Židia z etnickej skupiny Paštúnov, predpokladaných potomkov kmeňa Efrajim. Rabíni stoja pred tažkou úlohu.
Wednesday, 28 March 2007
Александр Майстровой, Новости недели [Russian]
Так считает мусульманский историк-пуштун из Индии Навраз Джаат Африди «Чем больше я узнавал о евреях, чем больше читал о них, - говорит он, - тем больше они восхищали меня».
Сорок лет назад, в год, когда Израиль потряс весь мир, за семь дней сокрушив три арабские армии, в еврейской общине Индии произошло экстраординарное событие. На празднование столетия синагоги Оэль-Давид (Шатер Давида) в небольшом городке Пуне (штат Махарашта) прибыл ни больше ни меньше президент Индии доктор Закир Хусейн. Значимость события и титул гостя были совершенно несопоставимы, и визит этот породил как энтузиазм в небольшой еврейской общине, так и множество вопросов. Что заставило Хусейна самому приехать на церемонию, когда он мог прислать своего представителя, и уже это было бы расценено как знак уважения? Вкладывал ли Хусейн какой-то особый смысл в свое посещение синагоги?
У доктора Навраза Джаата Африди есть если не ответ на этот вопрос, то, по крайней мере, правдоподобное предположение. Президент Индии и один из наиболее известных ее сынов, награжденный высшей гражданской наградой своей страны, орденом «Бхарат Ратна», был мусульманином, выходцем из пуштунского клана Африди. А клан Африди ведет свое происхождение от колена Эфраима – одного из десяти потерянных колен Израилевых.
Навраз Африди - гражданин Индии, выходец из пуштунского клана Африди и историк по образованию. Ему еще нет 30-ти, но он уже защитил докторскую степень в университете Лакнау по средневековой и современной истории Индии. Главная тема его исследований - индийские евреи и история потерянных колен Израилевых в этой стране. Он – автор многочисленных статей на эту тему, его книга «Индийское еврейство и самопровозглашенные потерянные колена в Индии» - третье серьезное исследование, проведенное неевреями в этой области. Сейчас Навраз делает постдокторат в тель-авивском университете.
Monday, 26 March 2007
Friday, 2 March 2007
Navras by Navras
The earliest mention of Navras is found in the Natyashastra, which has been variously dated from the second century A.D. This work is in many respects a manual for the producer of stage plays and deals with all aspects of drama, including dance and music. Much of the present-day musical terminology stems from the Natyashastra, a source of inspiration for many treatises over the centuries. The drama is, according to the Natyashastra, an imitation of all the actions of the world, the essential part being the emotions (bhavas) which the characters are represented as experiencing during their actions.
In the sixteenth century, we find Navras in verse, in the Sultan of Bijapur, Ibrahim Adil Shah II’s (AD 1580-1627) remarkable collection of fifty-nine Dakkhini songs, Kitab-i-Navras. Songs contained in it are dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses, and are preceded by an indication of the ragas and raginis in which they should be sung. There are also songs dedicated to the Prophet Muhammad, Hazrat Banda Nawaz, the sufi saint from Gulbarga, and other Muslim saints. According to his court-poet Zuhuri, he wrote it to introduce the theory of nine rasas, which occupies the most important place in Indian aesthetics, to those who were familiar only with Persian ethos. Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II even founded a township called Navraspur to give concrete shape to his musical conception or idea of a musical city. The town was meant only for artists, painters, sculptors, musicians, singers, actors, poets, artisans, craftsmen, and people of other creative pursuits.
Navras soor juga sarogunuiyu Saraswati mata
Ibrahim para sada bhayi dooni
(“Oh mother Saraswati! Since you have blessed Ibrahim,
His work Navras will last for long.”)